Showing posts with label list. Show all posts
Showing posts with label list. Show all posts

Monday, September 21, 2015

Contemporary Horror: 30 Films


It would be fair to say that being a horror movie fan has been a critical component of my life. Some of my early defining moments revolve around the horror genre — seeing Predator in the theater at age 4, reading The Exorcist clandestinely under my desk in school at age 8, and being terrified by a midnight television broadcasting of The Shining when I was stuck babysitting on Halloween at age 11 — and most of my teens (and a lot of my twenties) were spent amassing an encyclopedic knowledge of the genre, collecting films on DVD (a then newly released medium), and forging friendships with other horror fans.

This enthusiasm has certainly not waned with age… with certain caveats. I’ve become excited about a lot of other genres and my tastes have changed and refined over the years. Which is to say that I am still excited about a lot of horror films, but I generally have a sour, cynical attitude about much of the recent genre output. I’ve developed something of a reputation as a contemporary horror hater. I’ve become the old man telling the damn kids to get off his lawn.

Though I’ve spent much of my life identifying as a horror fan, I don’t have a fanatic, unwavering loyalty to the genre as a whole. I’d rather see great films not constrained by a specific genre. There is also much about recent horror that I do genuinely, passionately hate: found footage horror, fast zombies, the epidemic of needless remakes, torture porn, CGI-based effects, stupid twist endings, and movies with the shiny yet shallow veneer of MTV music videos.

But in the spirit of the season, I’ve decided to make a list of 30 films I enjoyed — if not outright loved — from 2000 to 2014. I’m not including 2015 as I’m always behind on watching recently released movies. That leaves roughly two films per year, though I was delighted (and, sorry, totally surprised) to find that I liked many more than 30 films from the last few years. Some of these are old favorites, while others I discovered more recently. Not all of these are technically horror and there are some overlaps with the thriller/suspense genre. Most of them are disturbing, violent, darkly psychological, and sexually unsettling.

And there is a stunning amount of incest in the films on this list.

Cherry Falls (Geoffrey Wright, 2000)
This slasher satire stars the late, great Brittany Murphy (shut up, I love her) in a much more effective take on what Scream was trying to accomplish. Tongue-in-cheek, genuinely funny, and something of a love letter to both ‘70s giallo films and ‘80s slasher movies, it follows a series of murders in the rural town of Cherry Falls. A mysterious black-haired woman begins killing all the town’s virgins, so the local high schoolers decide to pop their collective cherries as quickly as possible — to the absolute dismay of their parents and the town’s police chief (Michael Biehn). This subversive, lesser seen film was subject to harsh censorship and never had a theatrical release in the US.

Ginger Snaps (John Fawcett, 2000)
Another tale of teen angst and budding sexuality, I was obsessed with this film when it came out (hey, I was 17). In recent years I’ve come to care less for Ginger Snaps’ overt horror elements and its attempts to symbolically link lycanthropy and puberty, and more for its depiction of bored, morbid teens. Sort of An American Werewolf in London meets Heathers, the film follows misfit sisters Ginger (Katherine Isabelle) and Brigitte (Emily Perkins) as they rebel against getting their periods, classmates, their overly enthusiastic but clueless mother (Mimi Rogers at her funniest), and boring suburban Canadian life. You might need to be a teenager to really appreciate this film, but I have warm feelings for it and its misguided, if much darker sequel, Ginger Snaps 2: Unleashed, which finds a lonely Brigitte suffering from addiction, mental health issues, and imminent werewolf transformation. Another runner up in this category is May (2003), which you also probably have to be in your teens to love.

American Psycho (Mary Harron, 2000)
This adaptation of Bret Easton Ellis’ blackly comic novel about a serial killer investment banker in 1980s New York might be less violent than the book, but it’s still basically Evelyn Waugh meets Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer in all the best ways. Thanks to assured directing from Harron, a solid script from Guinevere Turner, and a career-making performance from Christian Bale, American Psycho is a refreshing blend of yuppie satire, transgressive violence, and absurd, surreal scenes that keep it smart and fresh. While I completely disagree that Phil Collins improved Genesis after Peter Gabriel’s departure, it’s impossible to think of Collins the same way after this film. My one major complaint is about the absence of the rat scene, a truly disgusting moment that would have assuredly gotten the film an X-rating if Harron made any attempt to film it explicitly.

Trouble Every Day (Claire Denis, 2001)
New French Extremity was probably the last new horror trend that I really followed with enthusiasm. In a 2004 issue of Artforum, critic James Quandt described the movement as, “Bava as much as Bataille, Salò no less than Sade seem the determinants of a cinema suddenly determined to break every taboo, to wade in rivers of viscera and spumes of sperm, to fill each frame with flesh, nubile or gnarled, and subject it to all manner of penetration, mutilation, and defilement.” I wound up outright disliking or feeling lukewarm about the more overt horror efforts — Haute tension, Ils, Frontiere(s), À l’intérieur, and Martyrs — but I’m in love with many of the more sexually transgressive examples, such as Baise-moi, Dans ma peau, Ma mère, and the films of Catherine Breillat. Trouble Every Day is easily my favorite of these and follows that goddess of modern French cinema, Béatrice Dalle, as a scientist’s wife who becomes unable to control her cannibalistic, sexual urges. Denis is a brilliant filmmaker and I can even forgive her for the near unpardonable act of casting Vincent Gallo. A must see.

The Happiness of the Katakuris (Takashi Miike, 2001)
With an output that is incredibly prolific but uneven, Japanese director Takashi Miike deserves a solid mention on this list for his years as reigning horror champion in the early 00s. His 1999 film Audition is one of the best and Gozu, Visitor Q, and Ichii the Killer all rank high in his catalogue, but there is nothing else like this absolutely bonkers horror-comedy-musical that is more neglected than his other classics. A struggling family opens an inn, which seems destined for failure when a promised access road is never built. Things get worse when anyone who comes to stay winds up dying. They hide the bodies, determined their business will survive. If you’re turned off by the description “musical,” just wait.

Mulholland Drive (David Lynch, 2001)
While this is more of a psychological thriller than a horror film, it found its way onto many “Scariest Films of the 21st Century” lists and with good reason. What was initially conceived as a television series became this lengthy, disjointed, and sort of two-part film about an actress (the ever-surprising Naomi Watts) who arrives in Hollywood and meets a beautiful, mysterious woman who seems to have amnesia. The two grow closer as they get to the bottom of the mystery, which dissolves into a parallel tale about a failed actress’s obsession with a more successful one. Though it lacks a single moment as terrifying as some of Twin Peaks, Fire Walk With Me, or Lost Highway, Mulholland Drive is one of David Lynch’s masterpieces and if you don’t like it then your mother is a whore.

Dracula: Pages from a Virgin’s Diary (Guy Maddin, 2002)
Winnipeg’s resident experimental filmmaker, Guy Maddin, made one of the best recent interpretations of Dracula — source material I will probably never tire of — with this atmospheric, lovely work modeled on silent cinema. The Royal Winnipeg Ballet perform a thoroughly dreamlike and surreal adaptation of Bram Stoker’s novel that has more in common with Dreyer’s Vampyr than it does with Francis Ford Coppola’s overwrought adaptation from the ‘90s. Dancer Zhang Wei-Qiang gives a memorably otherworldly, erotic take on the Count, while Maddin’s direction is daring and poetic.

La vie nouvelle (Philippe Grandrieux, 2002)
I tried to keep New French Extremity (or any one subgenre or director) from overwhelming this list but Philipe Grandriuex, whose work I recently discovered, is a must. In the incredibly dark, experimental A New Life, a young, well-off American (Zachary Knighton) living in Eastern Europe becomes obsessed with a beautiful prostitute (Anna Mouglalis), though she is mixed up with a violent ring of human traffickers. Little is shown directly, but La vie nouvelle remains one of the most disturbing and truly Sadeian, yet compelling films on the list, partially thanks to a mesmerizing performance from Mouglalis, who has become one of my favorite actresses in recent years.

Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance (Park Chan-wook, 2002)
Though I think it is genuinely one of his best films, South Korean director Park Chan-wook’s Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance is on this list sheerly because it’s his first genre film. His Vengeance Trilogy — which includes Old Boy and Sympathy for Lady Vengeance — straddles the line between horror, crime cinema, and revenge films and, for my money, proves that he’s one of the best genre directors working today. He went on to make some great films in the last 15 years, including a sci-fi tinged romantic comedy (I’m a Cyborg, But That’s OK), an atmospheric vampire movie (Thirst), and an English-language psychological horror films based on Hitchcock’s Shadow of a Doubt (Stoker). I’m excited to see what he does in the future.

Memories of Murder (Bong Joon-ho, 2003)
More of a serial killer thriller than an outright horror movie, this gripping tale — inspired by the true story of South Korea’s first serial murderer — might be less well known than other Korean horror movies like A Tale of Two Sisters, Three Extremes, Tell Me Something (another personal favorite), or Bong Joon-ho’s big monster movie The Host, but it is one of my favorite films of its type and is effectively atmosphere and bleak. In the mid-‘80s, women in rural Korea are being raped and murdered, but local police have neither the training nor the technology to find the killer. An experienced detective (Kim Sang-kyung) from Seoul is sent to advise on the case, though he clashes with the locals.

Calvaire (Fabrice Du Welz, 2004)
While everyone was losing their minds over New French Extremity film Haute tension (2003) — one of the worst of the bunch, in my opinion — this superior Belgian horror film got somewhat passed over. Both movies have rural settings and involve interesting gender transformations as part of their bleak, unexpected endings. A singer (Laurent Lucas) is on his way to a holiday engagement when his van breaks down and he’s forced to spend the night in the isolated inn of a failed comedian, Bartel (Jackie Berroyer), who becomes obsessed with him. Though it has its flaws, Calvaire is a bold, exciting example of what genre cinema could and should be. I have yet to see Du Welz’s latest film, Alleluia (2014), but it’s high on my list.

The Last Supper (Osamu Fukutani, 2005)
This highly underrated Japanese film follows a handsome plastic surgeon (Masaya Katô), whose fortune began to rise dramatically when he started eating human flesh, though now he’s addicted and spends his nights hunting beautiful young women. Though probably inspired by real-life Japanese cannibal killer (and inexplicable celebrity) Issei Sagawa, The Last Supper’s urbane murderer is cut from the same cloth as Thomas Harris’s Hannibal Lector and is nearly as compelling. The film is peppered with some glorious moments of absurdist comedy and features a pièce de résistance that must be seen to be believed. I had the fortune to see this screened at the Dead by Dawn festival in Edinburgh, but most people seem not to have heard of it, which is a real shame as it’s an absolute delight.

Caché (Michael Haneke, 2005)
Since 1989’s The Seventh Continent, Austrian director Michael Haneke has left his mark on both horror and art house cinema. Though he doesn’t often engage directly with the horror genre, his catalogue represents some of the most disturbing, chilling films of the last few decades. In Caché, a married couple (Juliette Binoche and Daniel Auteuil) begin receiving anonymous videotapes of their daily lives. They are understandably disturbed, but receive no help from the police thanks to the ambiguous nature of the tapes and are forced to investigate on their own. Thanks to this film, the sado-sexual romance/thriller The Piano Teacher (2001), post-apocalyptic drama Time of the Wolf (2003), and The White Ribbon (2009), arguably one of the most disturbing dramas made in recent memory, Haneke remains one of the greatest directors of his generation.

Slither (James Gunn, 2006)
Though there are great examples of horror comedies — An American Werewolf in London, Return of the Living Dead, and Evil Dead II come to mind — this is a hard genre to get right, particularly since many of these films seem to be laughing at horror fans rather than with them. But I really enjoyed Slither, which riffs on David Cronenberg’s They Came from Within and Night of the Creeps. A meteor crashes near a rural Southern town and locals are infected with and possessed by slug-like parasites. This would make a fun double feature with another surprisingly good rural horror comedy, Tucker & Dale vs. Evil (2010); both films share cast members from Joss Whedon’s Firefly for the sci-fi nerds out there.

The Headless Woman (Lucrecia Martel, 2008)
Existing in that liminal space between ghost story and Hitchcockian thriller, Martel’s film is at once the unsettling and eerie look at a woman’s descent into madness and an allegory for Argentinian politics. During the so called Dirty War in the ‘70s, death squads wiped out more than 10,000 (and possibly up to 30,000) of the country’s citizens. Vero (María Onetto), a middle-aged dentist from a well to do family, hits something on an abandoned road and, concussed and believing it to be an animal, flees the scene. She later fears it may have been a child and becomes consumed with guilt. As the men in her family try to manage the situation, she recedes into a dreamlike world full of haunting imagery.

Antichrist (Lars von Trier, 2009)
Not really a horror director, Lars von Trier’s Antichrist can at least be considered a unison of horror and art house sensibilities. I know a lot of people hated this film — and tend to despise von Trier — but I am resolutely in the opposite camp. Antichrist follows a couple (Charlotte Gainsbourg and Willem Dafoe) whose child dies accidentally. The wife cannot move past crippling feelings of grief and guilt, so her therapist husband decides to treat her with psychotherapy in their isolated cabin in the woods. Though von Trier’s early film The Element of Crime (1984) is perhaps my favorite, you could really ruin your (or someone else’s) day with a triple feature of the phenomenal Dogville (2003), about one woman’s torture and degradation at the hands of a small town, Antichrist (2009), and Melancholia (2011), about a recently married woman’s ennui in the face of an impending apocalypse.

Dogtooth (Yorgos Lanthimos, 2009)
Another film that falls in the tradition of bleak, day-ruining cinema that is horrifying-but-not-quite-horror is this Greek family drama. Controlling parents (Christos Stergioglou and Michelle Valley) keep their three teen children (Angeliki Papoulia, Mary Tsoni, Christos Passalis) imprisoned in their compound home, where they are raised with a slightly alternate understanding of reality. As their son reaches adulthood, they attempt to deal with the problem of addressing his sexual needs while keeping outside influences to a minimum. The less said about this blackly surreal minor masterpiece, the better, because I wouldn’t want to ruin anything. I still need to see his follow up film, Alps (2011), and I’m particularly excited for his latest effort, The Lobster (2015).

The Temptation of St. Tony (Veiko Õunpuu, 2009) 
2009 was actually a banner year for genre cinema, but I’m trying not to let it overwhelm this list. My favorite out of all of them is this Estonian rarity, an absurdist black comedy with horror elements that follows Tony or Tonu (Taavi Eelmaa), a middle class, middle age, mid-level manager with an utterly boring life. Due to a series of comically absurd events, he finds a pile of severed human hands in the forest and he inadvertently begins questioning life and morality, which leads him to a number of unexpected places. While it is primarily a black comedy, there are some truly creepy moments. The ending scenes at a hellish nightclub, Das Goldene Seitaltern (The Golden Age), verge on sheer terror thanks to a memorable performance from Swedish actor Sten Ljunggren.

The Life and Death of a Porno Gang (Mladen Djordjevic, 2009)
The last film I’ll include from 2009 is this “still not really a horror film but will really ruin your day” Serbian effort. I really enjoy when audience members walk out of a film in outrage, disgust, or horror, and this definitely happened during the screening I attended at the Philadelphia Danger After Dark festival (RIP). Not for the faint of heart, this cinema verite, mockumentary style film broke some obscenity laws in various countries around the world and concerns a motley band of porn stars and drug addicts who travel the war-ravaged countryside performing live sex shows — until they are propositioned to make snuff films. In addition to graphic depictions of sexuality that include hardcore inserts and innumerable perversions such as some very real bestiality, there are also brutal snuff sequences. Partly inspired by Djordjevic's earlier documentary, Made in Serbia, about the Serbian porn industry, it’s far superior to A Serbian Film, though the latter received more attention. I really love this movie.

The Ghost Writer (Roman Polanski, 2010)
OK, this is technically also not a horror film, but this Hitchcockian thriller soaked with sexual menace is another sublime day-ruiner and proves that Roman Polanski’s still got it. Ewan McGregor stars as an unnamed ghost writer hired to complete the memoirs of a former British prime minister (Pierce Brosnan) when the first writer’s body washes up on a beach. The memoirs — like the prime minister himself — are tightly controlled and the writer finds himself in an increasingly claustrophobic situation rife with paranoia, manipulation, and threads leading to the prime minister’s dark past. This may not go toe-to-toe with Polanski’s early films like Repulsion, Rosemary’s Baby, Macbeth, or The Tenant, but it’s one of the best thrillers made in recent years and is particularly memorable for its menacing visual palette.

Kill List (Ben Wheatley, 2011)
With very few exceptions, I really hate twist endings, but I can sometimes still enjoy a film if I know what to expect. Kill List is a prime example of this and if you’d like to avoid spoilers, stop reading now. Two former soldiers turned contract killers (Neil Maskell and the amazing Michael Smiley, pictured to the right, who is probably the sole reason I liked this film) accept a job to kill three strangers, but change their minds halfway through when they discover that the second target has a number of repulsive videos in his possession. They are forced to complete the job under the threat of death, but find themselves in the midst of a violent occult ritual. If I had been blindsided by the conclusion, I probably would have hated the film, but I ultimately liked its nightmarish qualities and sense of PTSD-related unease. It has many fascinating parallels with the first season of True Detective. With that said, genre cinema really needs to find a new approach to the “everyone is actually a homicidal cultist” trend that’s emerged with disappointing recent films like House of the Devil, The Last Exorcism, and Starry Eyes. Wake Wood, a recent Hammer Studios revival, did something far more interesting with a similar theme. While it lacks the highs of Kill List (that sound design), it also lacks the film's somewhat egregious lows (the hunchback knife fight).

The Skin I Live In (Pedro Almodóvar, 2011)
I fell hard and fast in love with this elegant tale of medical experimentation, revenge, and sexual horror. Based on Thierry Jonquet's novel Mygale, The Skin I Live In follows Robert (Antonio Banderas), a surgeon who has been experimenting unconventionally and possibly immorally on synthetic skin. He also keeps a girl in his home who wears a body suit, is not allowed to leave her room, and is always monitored by camera. She bears a strange resemblance to his dead wife, but who is she? How did she get there? Told in a series of chronological leaps backwards and forwards, The Skin I Live In is essentially a blend of horror and melodrama. It visits Almodóvar's trademark themes of trauma, memory, sexuality, and identity, as well as revolving around the two mainstays of body horror: sexual trauma and medical experimentation. And don’t discount Banderas, who gives one of his best performances here.

Antiviral (Brandon Cronenberg, 2012)
Speaking of body horror, I found this debut film from David Cronenberg’s son to be a delightful surprise. Patented viruses and germs are harvested from celebrities to be sold to their fans — who will be injected with them — in a dystopian future. A young man employed to harvest the viruses, Syd (the strangely mesmerizing Caleb Landry Jones), sells them on the black market and is determined to get a particularly coveted virus from a popular actress who has fallen ill. Poetic, disgusting, and beautiful, this deceptively simple film uses its themes of corporate espionage and insane celebrity fixation to its advantage. It makes other recent attempts at body horror, such as the deplorable American Mary, seem laughably derivative in comparison.

Berberian Sound Studio (Peter Strickland, 2012)
Director Peter Strickland is one of the most exciting talents working in recent years. Though he doesn’t solely make horror films, he has an obvious love for the genre as is evident with Berberian Sound Studio. A British sound engineer (Toby Jones) is hired to work on an Italian horror film. The language and cultural barriers increase his building sense of paranoia and he becomes sucked into the mind games in the studio. Though it suffers from some flaws, Berberian Sound Studio is part of a fascinating body of work that includes Strickland’s superior Hungarian revenge film Katalin Varga (2009) -- which I'm actually a little torn about not putting on the list instead -- and the distractingly beautiful, melancholic Duke of Burgundy (2015), about two lonely women in a sadomasochistic relationship. The latter is one of my favorite films of the last five years.

Byzantium (Neil Jordan, 2012) 
I’m as surprised as anyone that I liked Neil Jordan’s recent return to the supernatural. I’m a huge fan of The Company of Wolves and even Interview with the Vampire, and Byzantium re-examines many themes found in both of those films, such as storytelling, fantasy, difficult family relationships, and coming of age. Two vampires on the run, a mother (Gemma Arterton) and daughter (Saoirse Ronan), hide out in a dilapidated hotel by the seaside. As the mother tries to keep her daughter safe from vampire elders pursuing them -- this is a world where only aristocratic, worthy males are initiated into vampirism, so their very existence is illegal -- the daughter makes an unexpected connection with a local boy (Caleb Landry Jones again). This is more of a poetic teenage fairytale than a horrifying vampire story and it certainly falls in line with recent romantic vampire films like Twilight, Only Lovers Left Alive, and Xan Cassavetes’ Kiss of the Damned (with which it would make a decent double feature for anyone who likes this subgenre), proving that vampire films really will never die.

A Field in England (Ben Wheatley, 2013)
Wheatley is perhaps unfairly the only director with two entries on this list, but I felt like Kill List and A Field in England are both worth discussing, particularly since the latter is such a singular work. Like most of Wheatley’s films (and Peter Strickland’s), it has a breathtaking soundscape that rounds out a vague, potentially confusing plot set during the English Civil War. Worlds away from the bodice-ripping period pieces of Hammer Films, this unusual example of folk horror follows an alchemist’s assistant (Reece Shearsmith) who attempts to escape the battlefield with two army deserters. Soon they’re essentially taken prisoner by a rogue Irishman (the wonderful Michael Smiley again) searching for a nearby treasure. Don’t expect a straightforward narrative and you’re in for quite a treat.

Under the Skin (Jonathan Glazer, 2013)
One of the best actual horror films on this list is this tale of an alien (Scarlett Johansson) who disguises herself as human in order to prey on lonely men in the Scottish countryside. She brings them to a black abyss, where she feeds on them. The less said the better, though like A Field in England, Under the Skin makes the most of a tremendous soundscape, surreal visuals, and little in the way of exposition. I actually hate the Hollywood-induced need to aggressively explain everything in a plot’s past, present, and future, so this level of ambiguity is a breath of fresh air. I go back and forth on Johansson herself, but she’s vulnerable and enigmatic here and it’s a second, deep breath of fresh air that a Hollywood starlet would even consider making a film like this.

Maps to the Stars (David Cronenberg, 2014)
Sure, this isn’t actually a horror movie, but I couldn’t imagine this list without one Cronenberg film on it. Like A History of Violence and Eastern Promises, this could be described as a thriller that centers on a troubled family unit and like those films, Maps to the Stars has moments of hilarious satire, domestic drama, disturbing violence, and sexually explicit material. Agatha (Mia Wasikowska in a great performance) returns to Los Angeles to track down her estranged family, which includes her famous child star brother (Evan Bird) whose career is going through a rough patch. Their father (John Cusack) is a celebrity psychologist who is treating a failed actress (Julianne Moore) who can’t move beyond the trauma of her actress mother’s early death — or her mother’s more elevated fame. In a strange twist of fate, Agatha becomes the actress’s personal assistant, setting in motion tragic events. As I said earlier of Polanski, Cronenberg is clearly still bringing his A game.

The Falling (Carol Morley, 2014)
Also not a horror film, The Falling follows in the footsteps of films like A Picnic at Hanging Rock, Heavenly Creatures, and Don’t Deliver Us From Evil that exist somewhere between psychological thriller, folk horror, and coming-of-age drama. When Abbie (the memorable Florence Pugh) becomes sexually active, her best friend Lydia (Games of Thrones’ Maisie Williams) is disturbed by the distance that has sprung up between them. Abbie falls ill, believing herself to be pregnant, and suddenly dies after fainting. Lydia falls (literally) prey to Abbie’s fainting spell, causing a school-wide epidemic that doctors and authority figures can’t explain. Morley’s influences are solidly felt and will give you an idea of exactly what to expect from this restrained meditation on hysteria and sexual awakening.

The Treatment (Hans Herbots, 2014)
Taking the complete opposite approach is this depressing Belgian thriller about a tormented detective (the probably too dreamy for the role Geert Van Rampelberg) obsessed with his brother’s childhood disappearance, likely at the hands of a local pedophile. When a new child goes missing, the investigation awakens old traumas and leads him down an increasingly dark path. Though they haven’t popped up on this list yet, US company Artsploitation have distributed a number of great European cult/horror films that you’re unlikely to find anywhere else. While I still need to catch up on their catalogue (I’m most looking forward to seeing horror films Horsehead and Der Samurai), I really enjoyed this flawed, if bleak thriller that improves upon other films like The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo that explore generation-wide, systemic corruption and violence.

Last but not least, I feel honor bound to mention Hannibal, Bryan Fuller’s reimagining of Thomas Harris’s famous cannibal for NBC. I am absolutely in love with this three-season show, which recently went out on a ridiculously high note. I can’t think of anything television related that ended so strongly, though I honestly don’t watch a lot of TV. I dislike the more mainstream genre shows — such as Lost, The Walking Dead, or American Horror Story — and while I enjoyed much about the first seasons of True Detective and French show The Returned, I really only have eyes for Hannibal. Explicitly violent, occasionally sexual, and concerned with transformation, death, art, and beauty in all forms, it’s a bold reimagining of Harris's fiction. Hugh Dancy’s Will Graham and the godlike Mads Mikkelsen’s Hannibal Lecter have a profound relationship utterly different from Harris’s books that transcends the normal bounds of TV for something that is surreal, erotic, and illuminating.

There are also still plenty of films left to watch, so I’m sure I’ll do a part two sometime in the next few months. I have yet to see (or see in their entirety) things like Beyond the Black Rainbow, Pontypool, Eden Lake, The Woman in Black, Frankenstein’s Army, and A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night. There are also a surprising number of upcoming films I’m looking forward to seeing: I’ve already mentioned The Lobster, but also Duke Johnson and Charlie Kaufman’s Anomalisa, Lucile Hadzihalilovic's Evolution, Pablo Larraín’s The Club, Ben Wheatley’s J.G. Ballard adaptation, High Rise, Guillermo del Toro’s Crimson Peak, and even Victor Frankenstein, a period piece starring James McAvoy and Daniel Radcliffe. Happy viewing!

Friday, June 28, 2013

Art, Sex, and Influence: Part 2

Here is the second part of my article about 20 gay male artists who have influenced me over the years. Read the first part here and celebrate the fact that this week DOMA and Prop 8 were overturned by the Supreme Court, though I have to wince at the margin by which these were barely rejected. 

Roland Barthes (1915 - 1980)
“I am interested in language because it wounds or seduces me.”

One of the most innovative literary theorists of his generation, this French writer, linguist, leftist, critic, philosopher, and professor is one of the most important personalities of the Post-structuralist school and of semiotics. Educated at the Sorbonne, Barthes suffered throughout his life from tuberculosis, which kept him out of WWII, but also made his academic career more challenging. Barthes helped to re-imagine literary criticism, and developed new language for the interpretation of signs, photography, and the image, of critical importance to film theorists. Though Barthes occasionally wrote about his homosexual flings, he seems to have been largely romantically inactive and spent much of his life living with his mother, who died in 1977. He died a few years later when he was hit by a van and sustained chest injuries. Some of his most important and recommended works include Writing Degree Zero, Mythologies, his essay “The Death of the Author,” S/Z, Empire of Signs, A Lover’s Discourse, Image-Music-Text, and Sade, Fourier, Loyola. Beginners should keep in mind that his writing his highly theoretical and academic. A good place to start is the Barthes Reader (it includes “Death of the Author”) and Louis-Jean Calvet’s biography, which has been translated into English. 

Pier Paolo Pasolini (1922 - 1975)
“I am an unbeliever who has a nostalgia for belief.”

Next to Oscar Wilde, Pasolini is probably the most important person on this list. Known primarily for his infamous film Salo, Pasolini is one of the most difficult men on this list to classify. He was a director, novelist, poet, playwright, philosopher, critic, journalist, and linguist, as well as an actor, painter and art critic. His brief imprisonment by German forces in WWII and his life in fascist Italy led directly to Salo, his final film, an adaptation of the Marquis de Sade’s 120 Days of Sodom set in fascist Italy. It features a number of explicit acts, including shit eating, rape, and murder. Even his less overtly shocking films included brazen depictions of sexuality, and political and religious themes that led to his work being banned. A controversial figure for most of his adult life, part of this was due to the expression of his extreme political and religious beliefs in his conservative, religious home country, Italy. He was also openly gay (one of his earliest influences was Rimbaud, the first person on my list), which led to an early scandal and contributed to his death immediately after the release of Salo when he was murdered by a male prostitute (though in recent years it has been suspected that his death was a political controversy). His neo-realist films are highly recommended and several are available through Criterion, including Salo and his Trilogy of Life. Also recommended is Teorema, one of my favorite of his films. To learn more about one of the century’s greatest filmmakers, check out this Senses of Cinema article and this New York Times article. More academic works I would recommend are Pasolini’s own Heretical Empiricism, Allegories of Contamination by Patrick Rumble, Sam Rhodie’s The Passion of Pier Paolo Passolini, and The Resurrection of the Body by Armando Maggi. 

Michel Foucault (1926 - 1984)
“Death left its old tragic heaven and became the lyrical core of man: his invisible truth, his visible secret.”

A contemporary of Barthes, French social theorist/anthropologist and literary critic Michel Foucault is another major personality in philosophy, post-structuralism in particular, and his works on sex, power, knowledge, the prison system, and mental illness are ground breaking. A student of Louis Althusser, Foucault made a name for himself with Madness and Civilization, a historical and theoretical study of the rise of psychiatry and an examination of madness in Western culture. He primarily focused on structuralism and discussions of modernity, which are represented in nearly all of his works, and he was heavily influenced by Nietzsche, particularly in his later years. I would recommend The Birth of the Clinic, The Order of Things, Discipline and Punish, and The History of Sexuality, though keep in mind that all of his works are highly academic. Mostly open about his sexuality, Foucault was occasionally caught up in scandals, and he and the composer Jean Barraqué became known for incorporating drugs and S&M into their relationship. Many of Foucault’s literary influences similarly explored the intersection of sex and violence. Foucault was the first public figure in France to die of AIDS-related complications. His partner of two decades, sociology professor Daniel Defert, became an AIDS activist as a result and founded one of the first French AIDS awareness organizations, AIDES. To learn more about Foucault, check out James Miller’s biography The Passion of Michel Foucault. 

Kenneth Anger (1927 - )
"I've always considered movies evil; the day that cinema was invented was a black day for mankind."

Kenneth Anger is an influential American independent, experimental filmmaker best known for a number of short films that combine themes of the occult and homo-eroticism and were influenced strongly by early filmmaker Georges Méliès and the Surrealists. His Magick Lantern Cycle comes highly recommended and includes such films as Fireworks (1947), Inauguration of the Pleasure Dome (1954), Scorpio Rising (1964), Invocation of My Demon Brother (1969), and Lucifer Rising (1972). His innovative use of pop music in film influenced a wide range of directors, including David Lynch. Anger was one of the first openly gay directors in the U.S. and many of his works contain homoerotic elements or gay characters. Some of these films were shot while homosexuality was still illegal in the U.S. and Anger was taken to court on obscenity charges. He’s also well known for having “Lucifer” tattooed on his chest, for following Aleister Crowley's occult practices, and for having a number of famous friends, including sexologist Alfred Kinsey, Jean Cocteau, Anton LaVey, and Mick Jagger. Anger has also written two books, both named Hollywood Babylon, that are essentially gossip memoirs about his life in Hollywood and interactions with various prominent actors and filmmakers. If you want to read more about him, check out Alice Hutchinson’s biography and film book Kenneth Anger and visit his personal site. His films are available in an excellent two part collection from Kino.

Ian McKellen (1939 - )
“There’s no sex in Middle Earth.”

In addition to being one of the finest actors working on stage or screen, Sir Ian McKellen has become a gay icon over the years (he even played someone mentioned much earlier on my list, director James Whale, in the biographical film Gods and Monsters and starred in Bent, about the Nazi persecution of homosexuality), which is especially wonderful considering that he is also one of the world’s biggest action/fantasy stars. He began acting very early on and got his start on stage in the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe, among others, before joining the Royal Shakespeare Company and proving himself a leading man. If you can track down a video of Trevor Nunn’s production of Macbeth, starring McKellen, it comes highly recommended. During the ‘90s he achieved fame in the film world and has mastered a wide range of genres. McKellen has received basically every available acting award (or nomination) and was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire and was knighted, making him the highest ranking member of the British (or any) aristocracy on this list. He is also an LGBT activist and came out to the public in 1988. He is a member and patron of a number LGBT organizations. Learn more about him through his personal site. 

Graham Chapman (1941 - 1989)
“Dressing up as decrepit old ladies, and even decrepit young ladies, was one of our staples.”

Alongside Eric Idle, Michael Palin, Terry Jones, Terry Gilliam, and John Cleese, British actor, writer, and comedian Graham Chapman was a members of one of the greatest (and my favorite) comedy groups of all time, Monty Python. Responsible for the surreal sketch comedy television show, Monty Python’s Flying Circus, and several well-regarded films, such as Monty Python and the Holy Grail, The Meaning of Life, Life of Brian, and more, Graham often played the lead in Python films and was regarded by the group to be the strongest actor. He came to be in the Pythons because he and writing partner John Cleese wrote for a variety of BBC shows before meeting the other members and creating Flying Circus. He struggled with alcoholism throughout his career and kept his sexuality private until 1967, when he was one of the first British actors to come out publicly. From that point, he was an active spokesperson for LGBT rights until he died of cancer in 1989. David Sherlock, Graham’s partner of over 20 years, occasionally contributed to the Pythons and co-wrote Graham’s autobiography, A Liar’s Autobiography. To learn more about one of the most wonderful men in comedy, visit the Python’s website and read the authorized biography. 
And now for someone completely different... 

Derek Jarman (1942 - 1994)
“Understand that sexuality is as wide as the sea.” 

This British set designer, artist, and director was one of the most talented individuals working in British art house cinema and New Queer Cinema. He is best remembered for his inspired set design on Ken Russell’s masterpiece The Devils (1971) and for some of his own films: the first British film to positively depict homosexuality — Sebastiane (1976), the UK’s first punk film — Jubilee (1977), my personal favorite Caravaggio (1986), Edward II (1991), and others. He adapted Shakespeare (The Tempest) and Marlowe (Edward II) and many of his films focus on historical figures (Sebastiane, Caravaggio, Wittgenstein). He captured actor Laurence Olivier’s final film performance in War Requiem (1989). Many of his films include gay themes and characters, including Caravaggio, which is a biography of the gay Renaissance painter, and depicts a homosexual relationship and loose threesome. Because Caravaggio’s life is relatively shrouded in mystery, I left him off this list, but he is one of my favorite painters and Jarman’s film is a good (though fictionalized) introduction to his life and work. His adaptation of Marlowe’s Edward II is another important addition to this list because Marlowe was believed to be gay (and a spy — another person whose life is somewhat a mystery) and Edward II is one of the few plays from the Elizabethan period with gay themes. Jarman was an active and often outspoken LGBT rights supporter and AIDS activist until his AIDS-related death in 1994. Though I have yet to read a Jarman biography, I would recommend checking out Tony Peake’s Derek Jarman or Michael O’Pray’s Derek Jarman: Dreams of England, and the documentaries Derek and Derek Jarman: Life As Art, both of which feature Tilda Swinton, one of his regular collaborators. 

Rainer Werner Fassbinder (1945 - 1982)
“Love is the best, most insidious, most effective instrument of social repression.”

Prolific German director, writer, and actor Rainer Werner Fassbinder is one of my most favorite people on this list, but one that I discovered relatively late. In the 15 or so years that he was active, he made 40 feature length films, two TV series, and directed and acted in a number of plays, and remains one of the most important figures of New German Cinema. Most of his disturbing, unsettling films are deeply personal and deal with controversial romantic/sexual relationships: homosexual relationships, relationships between people of different classes and races, relationships between employer and employee, etc. Known to be particularly brutal to his actors and collaborators, Fassbinder had sexual and romantic relationships with both men and women, often people involved in his films, and he used these relationships to manipulate and control his close-knit group of actors and crew members. His urge to shock, provoke, and confront bourgeois German mentality with cinema and theater also led to many self-destructive behaviors (not that he’s the only one on this list), which ultimately resulted in his death at 37 of a heart attack caused by a drug overdose. Visit the Fassbinder website to learn more about him. It is difficult to recommend just a few of his films, or a few of the biographies or documentaries about him (there are many of these, as well as several collections of his writings), but Criterion has put out some his films and are about to release a box set of his early films later this summer. To learn more, wait for my series on Fassbinder later this summer and maybe start with The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kent, World on a Wire, Fox and His Friends, Satan’s Brew, In a Year of 13 Moons, Berlin Alexanderplatz, and Lola. 

Divine (1945 - 1988)
“Kill everyone now! Condone first degree murder! Advocate cannibalism! Eat shit! Filth is my politics! Filth is my life!”

Born Harris Glenn Milstead, but later known as Divine, this Baltimore based actor, drag queen, singer, Most Beautiful Woman in the World, and Filthiest Person Alive, Divine is one of my biggest heroes. She was the star of most of director John Waters films, became a cult icon in his/her own right, and a major figure in the fight for LGBT rights. Divine also became a somewhat well-known burlesque and underground theater actor in New York and California and later began a career in the early ‘80s as a disco star, where she topped the charts and toured actively. Divine died of a heart attack in 1988, just before she was about to reach national fame with a reoccurring role on Married with Children, this time with a role as a man (the gay uncle) rather than dressed in drag as a woman. To learn more about Divine, start with (at your own risk) Multiple Maniacs (1970), Pink Flamingos (1972), Female Trouble (1972), Polyester (1981), and Hairspray (1988). Also check out the recently released documentary, I Am Divine, touring the festival circuit now. It comes highly recommended. Divine was openly gay (not transgendered as is sometimes assumed) and overweight all of his adult life and experienced aggressive bullying as a teen, which led to the creation of anti-bully organization The I Am Divine Foundation. 

John Waters (1946 - )
“If you go home with somebody and they don’t have books, don’t fuck them.”

Divine would likely not have become such a sensation without another one of my biggest heroes, Baltimore-based director, writer, and actor, John Waters, aka the Pope of Trash. Known for such films as Multiple Maniacs (1970), Pink Flamingos (1972), Female Trouble (1972), Desperate Living (1977), Polyester (1981), and Hairspray (1988), his work is distinctively transgressive, subversive, sleazy, and trashy. He gained enough fame to ensure larger budgets and more famous actors for his later films, such as Serial Mom (1994) with Kathleen Turner, Cry Baby (1990) with Johnny Depp, and Cecil B. Demented (2000) with Stephen Dorff and Melanie Griffith, among others. In later years he has done a number of stand up tours (namely This Filthy World), written several books, and began producing and collecting visual art. His acting troupe, known as the Dreamlanders, which included Divine, Mink Stole, Edith Massey, and Mary Viviane Pearce, have their own official page, where you can learn more about John and his current projects. Also check out his Artsy page to learn more about his ongoing artwork. He is currently writing a book about his recent adventure hitchhiking across the U.S. Until then, you can check out Shock Value, Crackpot, Role Models, and more. He has long been openly gay and a vocal supporter of LGBT rights. I’ve had a few John Waters sightings in Baltimore bars, but have never been brave enough to introduce myself. Earlier this year, though, he was kind enough to respond to an email and read an article on my blog. Thanks John!

Friday, June 21, 2013

Art, Sex, and Influence: Part 1

I have long been meaning to write an article about the gay male artists/writers/filmmakers who inspired and influenced me during my formative years (generally my teens, though some are from a bit earlier and some a bit later). Pride month seems as good a time as any to tackle this deeply personal subject for me and I’ve decided to expand this into a two-part article. If I seem to be leaving out any artists you think were influential (such as Andy Warhol and George Takei), remember that this is a list of people who are especially important to me, without whom I simply would not be the person I am today.

Growing up, I had very few female role models and even fewer women in my life that I could relate to. Sexuality was a gray area, at least until I discovered a number of gay male artists, all right around the same time (puberty, surprise). Though I had some straight male role models, they were far outnumbered by gay men, especially gay male artists hidden in unexpected places, artists who just happened to be gay and did not make their sexual identity the focus of their art. They just happened to be different and, well, so did I. This fascinated and inspired me and still does. It seems particularly relevant now, when the issue of marriage rights and bullying are finally being recognized within this country (the Supreme Court makes their ruling on DOMA next week), despite the best efforts of some offensively moronic conservatives.

Here is a list of 20 of my biggest role models in chronological order. I've broken this down into two parts for readability. 

Arthur Rimbaud (1854 - 1891)
“I found I could extinguish all human hope from my soul.”

This teenage French poet, enfant terrible, master of symbolism, and, alongside Charles Baudelaire, one of the most influential poets of the Decadent movement, became a major influence on later writers, artists, and musicians, the Surrealists in particular. Known for his rebellious, anti-authoritarian attitude and libertine lifestyle, Rimbaud’s incredible verse is particularly stunning because he began to turn out some of his finest work at the age of fifteen. He also became famous for his tempestuous romantic relationship with the Symbolist poet Paul Verlaine, who was married when he first met Rimbaud. After an alcohol-fueled affair that tested the limits of Verlaine’s sanity, Verlaine shot Rimbaud, and the 17 year old wrote one of his greatest works, Une Saison en Enfer (A Season in Hell). During a later relationship with another poet, Germain Nouveau, he wrote Illuminations, his finest collection of poetry. He stopped writing just before he turned 20 years old to spend almost two decades traveling the globe, until he died of cancer at 37. To learn more about one of my favorite poets, check out his complete works (and selected letters) in this excellent bilingual edition. I also highly recommend the Rimbaud biography by Graham Robb. 

Oscar Wilde (1854 - 1900)
“The world is changed because you are made of ivory and gold. The curves of your lips rewrite history.”

This Irish novelist, theorist, poet, playwright, wit, and dandy is one of the world’s most important gay icons, one of the Victorian era’s most essential writers, and one of my biggest artistic influences (I’m currently in the middle of getting a Wilde-themed tattoo sleeve, for example). Today he is known for his plays, such as The Importance of Being Earnest, Lady Windermere’s Fan, and Salome, among others, as well as his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, most of which are still widely read and adapted for stage and screen. In addition to his long hair and flamboyant fashion sense, he was known for his decadent lifestyle and almost constant self-mythologizing. He is also known for his belief in “Greek love” and numerous relationships with men, particularly a relatively open, long-term relationship with his younger lover, Lord Alfred Douglas. Though their relationship was often toxic, it lasted for nearly all of Wilde’s adult life. His sexuality landed him a prison sentence for “gross indecency” and effectively ruined his life. The prison health conditions, along with his personal misery, contributed to his death a few years later. I highly recommend Wilde’s complete works, though it is certainly a large volume, as well as this  biography by Richard Ellman, one of my favorites. 

James Whale (1889 - 1957)
“To a new world of gods and monsters!”

I’ve already written a lengthy article about the career of British director James Whale, one of Universal’s most important horror directors. In addition to his classic films Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, The Invisible Man, and The Old Dark House, among others, Whale got his start directing theater and worked across a wide range of film genres. He helped bring the style of German expressionism to American cinema, which went on to profoundly influence the noir genre and, subsequently, almost all American thrillers and crime cinema. His use of suspense, horror, and black comedy was also a likely influence on the later films of Alfred Hitchcock. Whale was also one of the first openly gay directors in Hollywood and lived with his partner, Hollywood producer David Lewis, for over 20 years. Though modern critics have tried to imprint a gay reading on many of his films (particularly Frankenstein and Bride of Frankenstein), it cannot be denied that many of his main characters are loners and outsiders, and subverting normative morality and heterosexual couplings was a regular feature of his films. In addition to his movies, check out James Curtis’ impressively researched and extensive biography, James Whale: A New World of Gods and Monsters. I also recommend the fictional biographical film Gods and Monsters, starring Ian McKellen as Whale in the later years of his life. 

Jean Cocteau (1889 - 1963)
“I am burning myself up and will always do so.”

This French filmmaker, artist, poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, and so much more was one of the most important artists from the ‘20s to the ‘60s and is associated with some of the most influential figures of the early 20th century, including Marcel Proust, André Gide, Pablo Picasso, Igor Stavinsky, Édith Piaf, Coco Chanel, and more, many of whom he collaborated with. He is known for his novel Les Enfants terribles and his cinematic Orphic trilogy, which includes Blood of a Poet (1930), Orphée (1950), and Testament of Orpheus (1959), as well as La Belle et la Bête (1946). His experiments with theater, sound recording, and film are incredibly influential. He is also known for his lifestyle, which involved an addiction to opium and a string of famous affairs with both men and women. His longest lasting and most impacting relationship was with his muse Jean Marais, a prolific artist and actor who starred in some of Cocteau’s most important films. Their relationship lasted until Cocteau’s death of a heart attack in 1963, the same day as Édith Piaf. Though I have yet to read any books on Cocteau, there are a few on my list: An Impersonation of Angels: A Biography of Jean Cocteau by Frederick Brown, Francis Steegmuller’s biography, and the academic collection Reviewing Orpheus about Cocteau’s art and films. The Criterion box set of his Orphic trilogy is an excellent place to start if you are new to his work. 

Christopher Isherwood (1904 - 1986)
“I am a camera with its shutter open, quite passive, recording, not thinking.”

Christopher Isherwood, often overshadowed by his more famous friend, the poet W.H. Auden, was the first person who ever made me wish I could keep a journal (reading his work still has that effect). An English journalist, novelist, and memoirist, Isherwood is largely remembered for his must-read short fiction book The Berlin Stories, the basis for the musical Cabaret, though he has received a semi-revival in recent years because his novel A Single Man, about a gay professor who loses his partner and contemplates suicide, was turned into an acclaimed film recently. Auden and Isherwood became friends and literary partners in their early 20s, traveled to Berlin in 1929, and experienced the full effect of the Weimar Republic, particularly its sexual freedom. Isherwood wrote some of his most famous novels and stories there and also collaborated with Auden on a series of plays. They later traveled to China to cover the Sino-Japanese War and then to New York City (and other places in the U.S.) where they would both spend WWII and remain for the rest of their lives. His work, both memoir and fiction, is an important record of life for artists before and during WWII, particularly openly gay artists. In addition to The Berlin Stories, I highly recommend his memoir, Christopher and His Kind. 

Cary Grant (1904 - 1986)
“Everybody wants to be Cary Grant. So do I.”

The star of many of my favorite films, to me Cary Grant has always embodied traditional Hollywood class and masculine glamour. It is probably controversial to include him on this list, as he had several wives and his bisexuality has never been completely confirmed, but growing up, I firmly believed he was bisexual. I watched a lot of Cary Grant movies as a teenager, most of them with my grandmother, who showed me North by Northwest and Arsenic and Old Lace for the first time and proudly told me that Cary Grant was a leading man and had affairs with men (despite the fact that she was a Catholic, she supported gay rights). So, in my mind, Cary Grant has always been a bisexual icon and reading about his life (and sexuality) helped me to discover other actors of his generation and that were also rumored to be gay/bisexual or openly admitted it: Clark Gable, Laurence Olivier, Rock Hudson, Marlon Brando, John Wayne, etc. It is believed Grant had a relationship with actor Randolph Scott, whom he lived with for several years, though Grant was always very private about his personal life and enjoyed stirring up drama. Regardless, the possibility of Grant’s bisexuality (along with his love of LSD) provides an interest dimension to one of Hollywood’s biggest romantic and comedic stars. This article further delves into his sexuality, as well as a tell-all Hollywood scandal book by Scotty Bowers, and this Grant biography. 

W.H. Auden (1907 - 1973)
“Collaboration has brought me greater erotic joy... than any sexual relations I have had.”

One of the greatest poets of the 20th century, Auden was born in England, but traveled the world to explore his sexuality and write with friend, occasional sexual partner, and writing companion Christopher Isherwood. After stints in Berlin and China, they moved to the U.S. during WWII, where Auden wrote some of his greatest poems, essays, and librettos, and where he would live out the rest of his days and meet the love of his life, the much younger Chester Kallman. (Isherwood would also spend the bulk of his adult life in America with a much younger muse and partner.) Auden’s poetry is so remarkable for its treatment of war and politics, as well as human experience and moral and philosophical issues. Many of the debates he played out within his poetry and essays inspired some technical innovations that would influence younger generations of writers. Though Auden was openly gay, his sexuality was not at the root of his writing, though love, and what it means to love, were common themes. I highly recommend this collection of Auden’s poetry and this biography, as well as one of my favorite books, The February House, which recounts Auden’s life in Brooklyn during WWII, where he rented a house with several other notable artists. 

Francis Bacon (1909 - 1992)
“All colors will agree in the dark.”

Though a lot of painters have inspired and influenced me over the years, certainly more than this list would suggest, Francis Bacon seemed the most obvious choice. This British painter’s largely abstract body of work is some of the most devastating produced in the 20th century, beginning with his 1944 work Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion. His work is bleak, terrifying, and represents a subconscious unveiling of many of the horrors humanity experienced during WWII. His grotesque portraits and triptychs are intensely personal, though he actually got his start as a designer before graduating to painting in the ‘30s. In addition to early stories of cross-dressing, Bacon was known for being somewhat of a libertine and traveled in a circle with other notable artists of the time, including Lucian Freud. As with Auden and Isherwood, the young Bacon spent time in Weimar Berlin and became inspired by early innovative filmmakers, particularly Sergei Eisenstein, before moving to Paris and immersing himself in the art world. He had a series of older, aggressive male lovers over the years, though his most famous relationship is with the younger George Dyer, whom Bacon met while Dyer was breaking into his home, which he allegedly intended to rob. Though he painted Dyer during their relationship, Dyer’s suicide in 1971 influenced his later work, which is primarily concerned with death. Their relationship was dramatized in John Maybury’s film Love is the Devil (1998), starring Derek Jacobi and a young Daniel Craig as Dyer, which comes highly recommended. This is based on the biography The Gilded Gutter Life of Francis Bacon, which is on my reading list. Also pick up a collection of his paintings. 

Jean Genet (1910 - 1986)
“Erotic play discloses a nameless world which is revealed by the nocturnal language of lovers. Such language is not written down. It is whispered into the ear at night in a hoarse voice. At dawn it is forgotten.”

This controversial French writer was raised by a prostitute before being put up for adoption. He became a teenage criminal, runaway, and prostitute, an image he later cultivated. He turned to writing in prison and soon completed my favorite of his novels, Our Lady of the Flowers, in 1944. He introduced himself to Jean Cocteau, who helped him get a publishing contract and who intervened to get his impending (potentially life long) prison sentence set aside. Genet turned out an impressive body of work during his lifetime, including novels, plays, political essays, poems, and criticism. His subject matter was generally concerned with celebrating evil, criminality, and homosexuality; as a result his work was often banned, particularly in the U.S. Jean-Paul Sartre wrote a wonderful analysis of his early life and novels, Saint Genet, which is how I was introduced to his works. Later in life, Genet became a political activist and worked closely with philosophers Sartre and Foucault (who will also appear on this list). His work has been adapted many times, such as his novel Querelle of Brest, which was turned into a film by Rainer Werner Fassbinder (another person on my list) and director John Waters and his muse, the actor/drag queen Divine (both on my list), were likely inspired by the main character of Our Lady of the Flowers, a criminal named Divine who is referred to as “she” and socializes with other men called "aunts." Gay director Todd Haynes’ film Poison is inspired by Genet’s writing, and his plays The Balcony and The Maids were also adapted as films. Genet directed his own film, Un Chant d’Amour (1950), a black and white short about a gay prisoner fantasizing about a prison guard. 

Benjamin Britten (1913 - 1976)
“It is cruel, you know, that music should be so beautiful. It has the beauty of loneliness, of pain: of strength and freedom. The beauty of disappointment and never-satisfied love. The cruel beauty of nature and everlasting beauty of monotony.”

Composer, conductor, and pianist Benjamin Britten is maybe the most obscure person on this list, at least for contemporary cinema fans, but he was one of the most important personalities of 20th century British classical music and opera. He was a close friend of writers Auden and Isherwood and, like them, was gay, though he was much more private about his sexuality. With Auden’s help (and after the death of his mother), he was able to accept this part of his life and began a relationship with tenor Peter Pears, his muse and musical partner, which would last the rest of his life. One of his finest works, the dark opera Peter Grimes, about the murder of a young boy, deals with themes of sexuality, guilt, and violence and likely expressed a lot of Britten’s conflicted feelings about his own sexuality. After years of near successes, it was Peter Grimes that brought him international renown. Among many other operas and compositions, he and Auden collaborated on a number of works together and Britten also composed a song cycle inspired by Rimbaud’s Les Illuminations. “J'ai seul la clef de cette parade sauvage” (I alone hold the key to this savage parade), one of my favorite lines, is his refrain. As with Auden, Britten is a subject of the group biography The February House, about a house in Brooklyn they shared with a number of notable artists during WWII. 

Stay tuned for part two next week.